01 / The world before
Operations were constrained by pain and distress.
02 / The discovery
Anesthetic practice developed through chemistry, clinical testing and monitoring.
03 / The people
Physicians, chemists, nurses and many patients.
04 / The obstacles
Safety required controlled dosing and professional oversight.
05 / The world after
Complex surgery became more feasible.
06 / Why it still matters
Monitoring and patient safety remain active science.