01 / The world before
Wiring discrete electronic components limited scale.
02 / The discovery
Integrated-circuit design put multiple functions on a chip.
03 / The people
Jack Kilby and many semiconductor engineers.
04 / The obstacles
Fabrication complexity and energy use continue to matter.
05 / The world after
Modern computing became more compact and widespread.
06 / Why it still matters
Electronics infrastructure rests on generations of research.