01 / The world before
Changing specific DNA sequences was difficult.
02 / The discovery
CRISPR-Cas9 enabled programmable genome editing.
03 / The people
Charpentier, Doudna and a wider research community.
04 / The obstacles
Ethical limits and unequal access require governance.
05 / The world after
Experiments could test gene function more directly.
06 / Why it still matters
Powerful tools require public discussion and careful oversight.